Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia"}} is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign state. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Khaganate and others. In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous land empire in history. His grandson Kublai Khan conquered China proper and established the Yuan dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan, the Mongols retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of Dayan Khan and Tumen Zasagt Khan. In the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, being further led by the Manchu-founded Qing dynasty, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, and achieved actual independence from the Republic of China in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was founded as a socialist state. After the anti-communist revolutions of 1989, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful democratic revolution in early 1990. This led to a multi-party system, a new constitution of 1992, and transition to a market economy.
Approximately 30% of the population is nomadic or semi-nomadic; horse culture remains integral. Buddhism is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). Islam is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic Kazakhs. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being Kazakhs, Tuvans, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the United Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, G77, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Non-Aligned Movement and a NATO global partner. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups. Provided by Wikipedia
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1Published 1985“...Mongolia Society...”
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4Published 2012“...Mongolia...”
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5Published 2006“...Mongolia...”
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6Published 1999“...Mongolia...”
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7Published 2011“...Mongolia...”
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8Published 2011“...Mongolia...”
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9Published 2011“...Mongolia...”
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10Published 2012“...Mongolia...”
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11Published 1998“...Joint Russian-Mongolian-American Expedition in Mongolia...”
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12by Namkhaĭni͡ambuu, T͡s. (T͡sėrėndashiĭn), 1948-“...University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit...”
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13Published 1999“...University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit...”
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14Published 1986“...FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Restoration of Przewalski Horse to Mongolia...”
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15Published 1998“...International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Renewable Energy Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia...”
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16Published 2008“...International Ulaanbaatar Conference on Nuclear Physics and Applications Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia...”
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17Published 2001“...International Conference "Role of Mongolia for Peaceful and Stable Development of Northeast Asia...”
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18Published 1981“...Institut istorii partii (Ulanbaatar, Mongolia)...”
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19Published 2000“...International Symposium on "Nomads and Use of Pastures Today" Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia...”
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20Published 1965“...Mongolia. Shinzhlėkh Ukhaan, Dėėd Bolovsrolyn Khu̇rėėlėn...”
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