Panama
Panama ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast (Colombia–Panama border), the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half the country's over |,||}}/1e6 round 0}} million inhabitants.Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes. It broke away from Spain in 1821 and joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a union of Nueva Granada, Ecuador, and Venezuela. After Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831, Panama and Nueva Granada eventually became the Republic of Colombia. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, allowing the construction of the Panama Canal to be completed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. The 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties agreed to transfer the canal from the United States to Panama on December 31, 1999. The surrounding territory was first returned in 1979.
Revenue from canal tolls continues to represent a significant portion of Panama's GDP, especially since the Panama Canal expansion project (finished in 2016) has doubled its capacity.
Commerce, banking, and tourism are major sectors. Panama is regarded as having a high-income economy. In 2019 Panama ranked 57th in the world in terms of the Human Development Index. In 2018, Panama was ranked the seventh-most competitive economy in Latin America, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index. Panama was ranked 84th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023. Covering around 40 percent of its land area, Panama's jungles are home to an abundance of tropical plants and animals – some of them found nowhere else on earth. Panama is a founding member of the United Nations and other international organizations such as the Organization of American States, Latin America Integration Association, Group of 77, World Health Organization, and Non-Aligned Movement. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Frank, Melvin, 1913-1988Other Authors: “...Panama, Norman...”
Published 2006
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2Published 1985“...Editorial Acuario (Panama, Panama)...”
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3Published 1941“...Panama...”
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4Published 1925“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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5Published 1926“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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6Published 1927“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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7Published 1935“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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8Published 1928“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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9Published 1929“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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10Published 1930“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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12Published 1932“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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13Published 1933“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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14Published 1934“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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15Published 1936“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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16Published 1937“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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17Published 1938“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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18Published 1939“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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19Published 1940“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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20Published 1941“...Panama Canal (Panama)...”
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