Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (; September 129 – 216 AD), often anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Roman and Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher. Considered to be one of the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy Greek architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in the ancient city of Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm, as first advanced by the author of ''On the Nature of Man'' in the Hippocratic corpus. Galen's views dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports were based mainly on the dissection of Barbary apes. However, when he discovered that their facial expressions were too much like those of humans, he switched to other animals, such as pigs. While dissections and vivisections on humans were practised in Alexandria at this time, Galen did not have Imperial permission to perform his own, and had to use animals instead. Galen would encourage his students to go look at dead gladiators or bodies that washed up in order to get better acquainted with the human body. His anatomical reports remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work ''De humani corporis fabrica'' by Andreas Vesalius, where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations. Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system remained unchallenged until , when Ibn al-Nafis published his book ''Sharh tashrih al-qanun li' Ibn Sina'' (''Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon''), in which he reported his discovery of pulmonary circulation.
Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise titled ''That the Best Physician Is Also a Philosopher''. Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects, and his use of direct observation, dissection, and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints. Many of his works have been preserved and/or translated from the original Greek, although many were destroyed and some credited to him are believed to be spurious. Although there is some debate over the date of his death, he was no younger than seventy when he died. Provided by Wikipedia
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181by Quandt, William B., Brooks, Risa, Jackson, Galen, 1987-, Hinnebusch, Raymond A., Pressman, Jeremy, 1969-, Slater, Jerome, Elgindy, Khaled
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182Published 1991“...Galen Symposium Christian-Albrechts Universität...”
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183by Caius, John, 1510-1573Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1556
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184by Beroaldo, Filippo, 1453-1505Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1505
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185by Rocca, Julius, 1956-Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 2003
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186by Baker, George, 1540-1600Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1574
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187by Baker, George, 1540-1600Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1574
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188by Culpeper, Nicholas, 1616-1654Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1695
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189by Brain, PeterOther Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 1986
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190by Johnston, Ian, 1939-Other Authors: “...Galen...”
Published 2006
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191Published 2005Other Authors: “...Burghardt, Galen...”
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192by Martindale, DonOther Authors: “...Hanson, R. Galen (Russell Galen)...”
Published 1969
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193Published 1994Other Authors: “...Gates, Galen...”
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194by McClelland, Deke, 1962-Other Authors: “...Fott, Galen...”
Published 2005
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195by Fleischman, Sid, 1920-2010Other Authors: “...Druke, Galen...”
Published 2004
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196by Fang, Jeffery M.Other Authors: “...Galen, Paul S....”
Published 1994
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197by Sanders, Dan J.Other Authors: “...Walters, Galen...”
Published 2008
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198by Califf, Robert M.Other Authors: “...Wagner, Galen S....”
Published 1985
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199by Califf, Robert M.Other Authors: “...Wagner, Galen S....”
Published 1986
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200by Califf, Robert M.Other Authors: “...Wagner, Galen S....”
Published 1984
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